Today in history

Those who do not learn history are doomed to use this quote over and over again.

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January 6

1066 Harold Godwineson is crowned crowned King Harold II - King of England.

1540 Henry VIII of England marries his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves. The marriage will last six months.

1861 The Governor of Maryland, Thomas Hicks, announces his opposition to the states's possible secession from the Union.

1904 Japanese railway authorities in Korea refuse to transport Russian troops.

1910 Union leaders ask President William H. Taft to investigate U.S. Steel's practices.

1912 New Mexico becomes the 47th U.S. state of the Union.

1918 Germany acknowledges Finland's independence.

1919 Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th president of the United States, dies at the age of 60 in his home at Sagamore Hill, New York.

1921 The U.S. Navy orders the sale of 125 flying boats to encourage commercial aviation.

1937 The United States bans the shipment of arms to war-torn Spain.

1941 President Franklin D. Roosevelt asks Congress to support the Lend-lease Bill to help supply the Allies.

1945 Boeing B-29 bombers in the Pacific strike new blows on Tokyo and Nanking.

1946 Ho Chi Minh wins in the Vietnamese elections.

1958 Moscow announces a reduction in its armed forces by 300,000.

1967 Over 16,000 U.S. and 14,000 Vietnamese troops start their biggest attack on the Iron Triangle, northwest of Saigon.

1987 Astronomers report sighting a new galaxy 12 billion light years away.

2001 In one of the closest Presidential elections in U.S. history, George W. Bush was finally declared the winner of the bitterly contested 2000 Presidential elections more then five weeks after the election due to the disputed Florida ballots.
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January 7

1327 King Edward II of England is deposed.

1558 The French, under the Duke of Guise, finally take the port of Calais from the English.

1785 Frenchman Jean-Pierre Blanchard and American Dr. John Jeffries make the first crossing of the English Channel in a hydrogen balloon.

1807 Responding to Napoleon Bonaparte's attempted blockade of the British Isles, the British blockade Continental Europe.

1865 Cheyenne and Sioux warriors attack Julesburg, Colo., in retaliation for the Sand Creek Massacre.

1901 New York stock exchange trading exceeds two million shares for the first time in history.

1902 Imperial Court of China returns to Peking. The Empress Dowager resumes her reign.

1918 The Germans move 75,000 troops from the Eastern Front to the Western Front.

1934 Six thousand pastors in Berlin defy the Nazis insisting that they will not be silenced.

1944 The U.S. Air Force announces the production of the first jet-fighter, Bell P-59 Airacomet.

1945 U.S. air ace Major Thomas B. McGuire, Jr. is killed in the Pacific.

1952 French forces in Indochina launch Operation Violette in an effort to push Viet Minh forces away from the town of Ba Vi.

1955 Marian Anderson becomes the first African American to sing at the Metropolitan Opera House.

1975 Vietnamese troops take Phuoc Binh in new full-scale offensive.

1979 Pol Pot and his Khmer Rouge are overthrown when Vietnamese troops seize the Cambodian capital of Phnom Penh.

1985 Vietnam seizes the Khmer National Liberation Front headquarters near the Thai border.
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January 8

1681 The Treaty of Radzin ends a five year war between the Turks and the allied countries of Russia and Poland.

1745 England, Austria, Saxony and the Netherlands form an alliance against Russia.

1815 A rag-tag army under Andrew Jackson defeats the British on the fields of Chalmette in the Battle of New Orleans.

1871 Prussian troops begin to bombard Paris during the Franco-Prussian War.

1892 A coal mine explosion kills 100 in McAlister, Oklahoma.

1900 The Boers attack the British in Ladysmith, South Africa, but are turned back.

1908 A subway line opens linking the New York boroughs of Brooklyn and Manhattan.

1940 Great Britain begins rationing sugar, meat and butter.

1946 President Harry S. Truman vows to stand by the Yalta accord on self-determination for the Balkans.

1954 President Dwight Eisenhower proposes stripping convicted Communists of their U.S. citizenship.

1963 President John F. Kennedy attends the unveiling of the Mona Lisa.

1979 The United States advises the Shah to leave Iran.
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January 9

1719 Philip V of Spain declares war on France.

1776 Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense, a scathing attack on King George III's reign over the colonies and a call for complete independence.

1792 The Ottomans sign a treaty with the Russians ending a five year war.

1793 Jean Pierre Blanchard makes the first balloon flight in North America.

1861 Southern shellfire stops the Union supply ship Star of the West from entering Charleston Harbor on her way to Fort Sumter.

1861 Mississippi secedes from the Union.

1908 Count Zeppelin announces plans for his airship to carry 100 passengers.

1909 A Polar exploration team lead by Ernest Shackleton reaches 88 degrees, 23 minutes south longitude, 162 degrees east latitude. They are 97 nautical miles short of the South Pole, but the weather is too severe to continue.

1912 Colonel Theodore Roosevelt announces that he will run for president if asked.

1915 Pancho Villa signs a treaty with the United States, halting border conflicts.

1924 Ford Motor Co. stock is valued at nearly $1 billion.

1943 Soviet planes drop leaflets on the surrounded Germans in Stalingrad requesting their surrender with humane terms. The Germans refuse.

1945 U.S. troops land on Luzon, in the Philippines, 107 miles from Manila.

1947 French General Leclerc breaks off all talks with Vietnam's Ho Chi Minh.

1952 Jackie Robinson becomes the highest paid player in Brooklyn Dodger history.

1964 U.S. forces kill six Panamanian students protesting in the canal zone.

1974 Cambodian Government troops open a drive to avert insurgent attack on Phnom Penh.
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January 10

1072 Robert Guiscard and his brother Roger take Palermo in Sicily.

1645 The Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, is beheaded on Tower Hill, accused of acting as an enemy of the British Parliament.

1724 King Philip V shocks all of Europe when he abdicates his throne in favor of his eldest son, Louis.

1811 An uprising of over 400 slaves is put down in New Orleans. Sixty-six blacks are killed and their heads are strung up along the roads of the city.

1847 General Stephen Kearny and Commodore Robert Stockton retake Los Angeles in the last California battle of the Mexican War.

1861 Florida secedes from the Union.

1863 London's Underground begins operations.

1870 John D. Rockefeller and his brother William establish the Standard Oil Company of Ohio.

1899 Filipino leader Emilio Aguinaldo renounces the Treaty of Paris, which annexed the Philippines to the United States.

1901 The Automobile Club of America installs signs on major highways.

1903 Argentina bans the importation of American beef because of sanitation problems.

1911 Two German cruisers, the Emden and the Nurnberg, suppress a native revolt on island of Ponape in the Caroline Islands in the Pacific when they fire on the island and land troops.

1912 The World's first flying-boat airplane, designed by Glenn Curtiss, makes its maiden flight at Hammondsport.

1917 Germany is rebuked as the Entente officially rejects a proposal for peace talks and demands the return of occupied territories from Germany.

1918 In Washington, the House of Representatives passes legislation for women's suffrage.

1920 The Treaty of Versailles goes into effect.

1923 The United States withdraws its last troops from Germany.

1940 German planes attack 12 ships off the British coast; sinking 3 ships and killing 35 people.

1941 The Soviets and Germany agree on the East European borders and the exchange of industrial equipment.

1946 Chiang Kai-shek and the Yenan Communist forces halt fighting in China.

1964 Panama breaks ties with the U.S. and demands a revision of the canal treaty.

1984 The United States and the Vatican establish full diplomatic relations for the first time in 117 years.
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January 11

49 BC Julius Caesar leads his army across the Rubicon River, plunging Rome into civil war.

1843 Francis Scott Key, author of "The Star-Spangled Banner," dies in Baltimore.

1861 Alabama secedes from the Union.

1862 Lincoln accepts Simon Cameron's resignation as Secretary of War.

1887 At Fort Smith, Arkansas, hangman George Maledon dispatches four victims in a multiple hanging.

1904 British troops massacre 1,000 dervishes in Somaliland.

1916 Russian General Yudenich launches a WWI winter offensive and advances west.

1923 The French enter the town of Essen in the Ruhr valley, to extract Germany's resources as war payment.

1934 The German police raid the homes of dissident clergy in Berlin.

1941 Adolf Hitler orders forces to be prepared to enter North Africa to assist the Italian effort, marking the establishment of the Afrika Korps.

1940 Benjamin O. Davis, Sr., becomes the U.S. Army's first black general, his son would later become a general as well.

1942 Japan invades the Dutch East Indies at Borneo.

1943 The Soviet Red Army encircles Stalingrad.

1948 President Harry S. Truman proposes free, two-year community colleges for all who want an education.

1949 Negotiations in China between the Nationalists and Communists open as Tientsin is virtually lost to the Communists.

1964 A collection of previously unexhibited paintings by Pablo Picasso are displayed for the first time in Toronto.

1980 Honda announces it will build the first Japanese-owned passenger-car assembly plant in the United States--in Ohio.
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January 12

1872 Russian Grand Duke Alexis goes on a gala buffalo hunting expedition with Gen. Phil Sheridan and Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer.

1879 The British-Zulu War begins. British troops -- under Lieutenant General Frederic Augustus -- invade Zululand from the southern African republic of Natal.

1908 A wireless message is sent long-distance for the first time from the Eiffel Tower in Paris.

1913 Kiel and Wilhelmshaven become submarine bases in Germany.

1915 The U.S. Congress establishes Rocky Mountain National Park.

1926 U.S. coal talks break down, leaving both sides bitter as the strike drags on into its fifth month.

1927 U.S. Secretary of State Kellogg claims that Mexican rebel Plutarco Calles is aiding communist plot in Nicaragua.

1932 Oliver Wendell Holmes retires from the Supreme Court at age 90.

1938 Austria recognizes the Franco government in Spain.

1940 Soviet bombers raid cities in Finland.

1943 Soviet forces raise the siege of Leningrad.

1952 The Viet Minh cut the supply lines to the French forces in Hoa Binh, Vietnam.

1962 The United States resumes aid to the Laotian regime.

1973 Yassar Arafat is re-elected as head of the Palestinian Liberation Organization.

1982 Peking protests the sale of U.S. planes to Taiwan.

1991 The U.S. Congress gives the green light to military action against Iraq in the Persian Gulf Crisis.
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January 13

1397 John of Gaunt marries Katherine Rouet.

1846 President James Polk dispatches General Zachary Taylor and 4,000 troops to the Texas Border as war with Mexico looms.

1862 President Lincoln names Edwin M. Stanton Secretary of War.

1900 To combat Czech nationalism, Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria-Hungary decrees German the official language of the Imperial Army.

1919 California votes to ratify the prohibition amendment.

1923 Hitler denounces the Weimar Republic as 5,000 storm troopers demonstrate in Germany.

1927 A woman takes a seat on the NY Stock Exchange breaking the all-male tradition.

1931 The bridge connecting New York and New Jersey is named the George Washington Memorial Bridge.

1937 The United States bars Americans from serving in the Civil War in Spain.

1943 General Leclerc's Free French forces merge with the British under Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery in Libya.

1944 Plants are destroyed and 64 U.S. aircraft are lost in an air attack in Germany.

1945 The Red Army opens an offensive in South Poland, crashing 25 miles through the German lines.

1947 British troops replace striking truck drivers.

1955 Chase National and the Bank of Manhattan agree to merge resulting in the second largest U.S. bank.

1965 Two U.S. planes are shot down in Laos while on a combat mission.

1968 U.S. reports shifting most air targets from North Vietnam to Laos.

1976 Argentina ousts a British envoy in dispute over the Falkland Islands.

1980 The United States offers Pakistan a two-year aid plan to counter the Soviet threat in Afghanistan.
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January 14

1236 Henry III marries Eleanor of Provence.

1526 Francis of France, held captive by Charles V for a year, signs the Treaty of Madrid, giving up most of his claims in France and Italy.

1797 Napoleon Bonaparte defeats Austrians at Rivoli in northern Italy.

1858 Emperor Napoleon and Empress Eugenie escape unhurt after an Italian assassin throws a bomb at their carriage as they travel to the Paris Opera.

1864 Confederate President Jefferson Davis writes to General Joseph E. Johnson, observing that troops may need to be sent to Alabama or Mississippi.

1911 The USS Arkansas, the largest U.S. battleship, is launched from the yards of the New York Shipbuilding Company.

1915 The French abandon five miles of trenches to the Germans near Soissons.

1916 British authorities seize German attaché Franz von Papen's financial records confirming espionage activities in the U.S.

1917 A Provisional Parliament is established in Poland.

1920 Berlin is placed under martial law as 40,000 radicals rush the Reichstag; 42 are dead and 105 are wounded.

1942 President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders all aliens in the U.S. to register with the government.

1943 Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Charles DeGaulle meet at Casablanca to discuss the direction of the war.

1943 Italian occupation authorities refuse to deport Jews living in their territories in France.

1969 A blast on the U.S. carrier Enterprise in the Pacific results in 24 dead and 85 injured.

1980 The United Nations votes 104-18 to deplore the Soviet aggression in Afghanistan.
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January 15

1624 Riots flare in Mexico when it is announced that all churches are to be closed.

1811 In a secret session, Congress plans to annex Spanish East Florida.

1865 Union troops capture Fort Fisher, North Carolina.

1913 The first telephone line between Berlin and New York is inaugurated.

1919 Peasants in Central Russia rise against the Bolsheviks.

1920 The Dry Law goes into effect in the United States. Selling liquor and beer becomes illegal.

1920 The United States approves a $150 million loan to Poland, Austria and Armenia to aid in their war with the Russian communists.

1927 The Dumbarton Bridge opens in San Francisco carrying the first auto traffic across the bay.

1929 The U.S. Senate ratifies the Kellogg-Briand anti-war pact.

1930 Amelia Earhart sets an aviation record for women at 171 mph in a Lockheed Vega.

1936 In London, Japan quits all naval disarmament talks after being denied equality.

1944 The U.S. Fifth Army successfully breaks the German Winter Line in Italy with the capture of Mount Trocchio.

1949 Chinese Communists occupy Tientsin after a 27-hour battle with Nationalist forces.

1965 Sir Winston Churchill suffers a severe stroke.

1967 Some 462 Yale faculty members call for an end to the bombing in North Vietnam.

1973 Four of six remaining Watergate defendants plead guilty.
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January 16

1547 Ivan IV crowns himself the new Czar of Russia in Assumption Cathedral in Moscow.

1786 The Council of Virginia guarantees religious freedom.

1847 John C. Fremont, the famed "Pathfinder" of Western exploration, is appointed governor of California.

1865 General William T. Sherman begins a march through the Carolinas.

1900 The U.S. Senate recognizes the Anglo-German Treaty of 1899 by which the UK renounced its rights to the Samoan Islands.

1909 One of Ernest Shackleton's polar exploration teams reaches the Magnetic South Pole.

1914 Maxim Gorky is authorized to return to Russia after an eight year exile for political dissidence.

1920 The League of Nations holds its first meeting in Paris.

1920 Allies lift the blockade on trade with Russia.

1939 Franklin D. Roosevelt asks for an extension of the Social Security Act to include more women and children.

1940 Hitler cancels an attack in the West due to bad weather and the capture of German attack plans in Belgium.

1942 Japan's advance into Burma begins.

1944 Eisenhower assumes supreme command of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe.

1944 The U.S. First and Third armies link up at Houffalize, effectively ending the Battle of the Bulge.

1956 The Egyptian government makes Islam the state religion.

1965 Eighteen are arrested in Mississippi for the murder of three civil rights workers.

1975 The Irish Republican Army calls an end to a 25-day cease fire in Belfast.

1979 The Shah leaves Iran.

1991 The Persian Gulf War begins. The massive U.S.-led offensive against Iraq -- Operation Desert Storm -- ended on February 28, 1991, when President George Bush declared a cease-fire, and Iraq pledged to honor future coalition and U.N. peace terms.
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January 17

1601 The Treaty of Lyons ends a short war between France and Savoy.

1746 Charles Edward Stuart, the young pretender, defeats the government forces at the battle of Falkirk in Scotland.

1773 Captain James Cook becomes the first person to cross the Antarctic Circle.

1819 Simon Bolivar the "liberator" proclaims Columbia a republic.

1893 Queen Liliuokalani, the Hawaiian monarch, is overthrown by a group of American sugar planters led by Sanford Ballard Dole.

1852 At the Sand River Convention, the British recognize the independence of the Transvaal Board.

1912 Robert Scott reaches the South Pole only a month after Roald Amundsen.

1939 The Reich issues an order forbidding Jews to practice as dentists, veterinarians and chemists.

1945 The Red army occupies Warsaw.

1963 Soviet leader Khrushchev visits the Berlin Wall.

1985 A jury in New Jersey rules that terminally ill patients have the right to starve themselves.
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January 18

1486 Henry VII marries Elizabeth of York.

1701 Frederick III, the elector of Brandenburg, becomes king of Prussia.

1778 Captain James Cook discovers the Hawaiian Islands, naming them the 'Sandwich Islands' after the First Lord of the Admiralty, Lord Sandwich.

1836 Jim Bowie arrives at the Alamo to assist its Texas defenders.

1862 John Tyler, former president of the U.S., is buried at Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond.

1902 The Isthmus Canal Commission in Washington shifts its support from Nicaragua to Panama as a favored canal site.

1910 Aviator Eugene Ely performs his first successful take off and landing from a ship in San Francisco.

1916 The Russians force the Turkish 3rd Army back to Erzurum.

1942 General MacArthur repels the Japanese in Bataan. The United States took the lead in the Far East war criminal trials.

1945 The German Army launches its second attempt to relieve the besieged city of Budapest from the advancing Red Army.

1948 Ghandi breaks a 121-hour fast after halting Muslem-Hindu riots.

1962 The United States begins spraying foliage with herbicides in South Vietnam, in order to reveal the whereabouts of Vietcong guerrillas.

1964 Plans are disclosed for the World Trade Center in New York.

1978 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) isolate the cause of Legionnaire's disease.

1991 Iraq starts firing Scud missiles at Israeli cities.
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1523 In Switzerland, Ulrich Zwingli publishes his 67 Articles, the first manifesto of the Zurich Reformation which attacks the authority of the Pope.

1783 William Pitt becomes the youngest Prime Minister of England at age 24.

1847 New Mexico Governor Charles Bent is slain by Pueblo Indians in Taos.

1861 Georgia secedes from the Union.

1902 The magazine "L'Auto" announces the new Tour de France.

1915 The first German air raids on Great Britain inflict minor casualties.

1923 The French announce the invention of a new gun that has a firing range of 56 miles.

1931 The Wickersham Committee issues a report asking for revisions in the dry law, but no repeal.

1937 Howard Hughes flies from Los Angeles to New York in seven hours and 22 minutes.

1937 In the Soviet Union, the People's Commissars Council is formed under Molotov.

1945 The Red Army captures Lodz, Krakow, and Tarnow.

1947 The French open a drive on Hue, Indochina.

1949 The Chiang Government moves the capital of China to Canton.

1950 Communist Chinese leader Mao recognizes the Republic of Vietnam.

1968 Cambodia charges that the United States and South Vietnam have crossed the border and killed three Cambodians.

1981 The United States and Iran sign an accord on a hostage release in Algiers.

1983 The New Catholic code expands women's rights in the Church.
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January 20

1327 Edward II of England is deposed by his eldest son, Edward III.

1616 The French explorer Samuel de Champlain arrives to winter in a Huron Indian village after being wounded in a battle with Iroquois in New France.

1783 Britain signs a peace agreement with France and Spain, who allied against it in the American War of Independence.

1908 The Sullivan Ordinance bars women from smoking in public facilities in the United States.

1930 Charles Lindbergh arrives in New York, setting a cross country flying record of 14.75 hours.

1935 Belgium arrests some Nazi agitators who urge for a return to the Reich.

1941 Hitler meets with Mussolini and offers aid in Albania and Greece.

1942 Nazi officials meet in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee to decide the "Final Solution of the Jewish Question."

1944 Allied forces in Italy begin unsuccessful operations to cross the Rapido River and seize Cassino.

1945 Franklin D. Roosevelt is inaugurated for his fourth term.

1945 The Allies sign a truce with the Hungarians.

1946 France's Charles DeGaulle hands in his resignation.

1952 British troops occupy Ismalia, Egypt.

1954 Over 22,000 anti-Communist prisoners are turned over to UN forces in Korea.

1977 President Jimmy Carter is sworn in and then surprises the nation as he walks from the U.S. Capitol to the White House.

1981 Ronald Reagan is sworn in as president at the same time 52 American hostages are released from their captors in Tehran, Iran.
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January 21

1189 Philip Augustus, Henry II of England and Frederick Barbarossa assemble the troops for the Third Crusade.

1648 In Maryland, the first woman lawyer in the colonies, Margaret Brent, is denied a vote in the Maryland Assembly.

1785 Chippewa, Delaware, Ottawa and Wyandot Indians sign the treaty of Fort McIntosh, ceding present-day Ohio to the United States.

1790 Joseph Guillotine proposes a new, more humane method of execution: a machine designed to cut off the condemned person's head as painlessly as possible.

1793 The French King Louis XVI is guillotined for treason.

1910 Japan rejects the American proposal to neutralize ownership of the Manchurian Railway.

1919 The German Krupp plant begins producing guns under the U.S. armistice terms.

1921 J.D. Rockefeller pledges $1 million for the relief of Europe's destitute.

1930 An international arms control meeting opens in London.

1933 The League of Nations rejects Japanese terms for settlement with China.

1941 The United States lifts the ban on arms to the Soviet Union.

1942 In North Africa, German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel launches a drive to push the British eastward. While the British benefited from radio-intercept-derived Ultra information, the Germans enjoyed an even speedier intelligence source.

1943 A Nazi daylight air raid kills 34 in a London school. When the anticipated invasion of Britain failed to materialize in 1940, Londoners relaxed, but soon they faced a frightening new threat.

1951 Communist troops force the UN army out of Inchon, Korea after a 12-hour attack.

1958 The Soviet Union calls for a ban on nuclear arms in Baghdad Pact countries.

1964 Carl T. Rowan is named the director of the United States Information Agency (USIA).

1968 In Vietnam, the Siege of Khe Sanh begins as North Vietnamese units surround U.S. Marines based on the hilltop headquarters.

1974 The U.S. Supreme Court decides that pregnant teachers can no longer be forced to take long leaves of absence.

1976 Leonid Brezhnev and Henry Kissinger meet to discuss Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT).

1977 President Carter urges 65 degrees as the maximum heat in homes to ease the energy crisis.

1993 Congressman Mike Espy of Mississippi is confirmed as Secretary of the Department of Agriculture.
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January 22

1689 England's "Bloodless Revolution" reaches its climax when parliament invites William and Mary to become joint sovereigns.

1807 President Thomas Jefferson exposes a plot by Aaron Burr to form a new republic in the Southwest.

1813 During the War of 1812, British forces under Henry Proctor defeat a U.S. contingent planning an attack on Fort Detroit.

1824 A British force is wiped out by an Asante army under Osei Bonsu on the African Gold Coast. This is the first defeat for a colonial power.

1863 In an attempt to out flank Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, General Ambrose Burnside leads his army on a march to north Fredericksburg, but foul weather bogs his army down in what will become known as "Mud March."

1879 Eighty-two British soldiers hold off attacks by 4,000 Zulu warriors at the Battle of Rorke's Drift in South Africa.

1905 Russian troops fire on civilians beginning Bloody Sunday in St. Petersburg.

1912 Second Monte Carlo auto race begins.

1913 Turkey consents to the Balkan peace terms and gives up Adrianople.

1930 Admiral Richard Byrd charts a vast area of Antarctica.

1932 Government troops crush a Communist uprising in Northern Spain.

1939 A Nazi order erases the old officer caste, tying the army directly to the Party.

1943 Axis forces pull out of Tripoli for Tunisia, destroying bases as they leave.

1944 U.S. troops under Major General John P. Lucas make an amphibious landing behind German lines at Anzio, Italy, just south of Rome.

1971 Communist forces shell Phnom Penh, Cambodia, for the first time.

1979 Abu Hassan, the alleged planner of the 1972 Munich raid, is killed by a bomb in Beirut.

1982 President Ronald Reagan formally links progress in arms control to Soviet repression in Poland.
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January 23

1901 A great fire ravages Montreal, resulting in $2.5 million in property lost.

1913 The "Young Turks" revolt because they are angered by the concessions made at the London peace talks.

1932 Franklin D. Roosevelt enters the presidential race.

1948 The Soviets refuse UN entry into North Korea to administer elections.

1949 The Communist Chinese forces begin their advance on Nanking.

1950 Jerusalem becomes the official capital of Israel.

1951 President Truman creates the Commission on Internal Security and Individual Rights, to monitor the anti-Communist campaign.

1969 NASA unveils moon-landing craft.

1973 President Richard Nixon claims that Vietnam peace has been reached in Paris and that the POWs would be home in 60 days.

1977 Alex Haley's Roots begins a record-breaking eight-night broadcast on ABC.

1981 Under international pressure, opposition leader Kim Dae Jung's death sentence is commuted to life imprisonment in Seoul.

1986 U.S. begins maneuvers off the Libyan coast.
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January 24

41 Shortly after declaring himself a god, Caligula is assassinated by two Praetorian tribunes.

1458 Matthias Corvinus, the son of John Hunyadi, is elected king of Hungary.

1639 Representatives from three Connecticut towns band together to write the Fundamental Orders, the first constitution in the New World.

1722 Czar Peter the Great caps his reforms in Russia with the "Table of Rank" which decrees a commoner can climb on merit to the highest positions.

1848 Gold is discovered by James Wilson Marshall at his partner Johann August Sutter's sawmill on the South Fork of the American River, near Coloma, California.

1903 U.S. Secretary of State John Hay and British Ambassador Herbert create a joint commission to establish the Alaskan border.

1911 U.S. Cavalry is sent to preserve the neutrality of the Rio Grande during the Mexican Civil War.

1915 The German cruiser Blücher is sunk by a British squadron in the Battle of Dogger Bank.

1927 British expeditionary force of 12,000 is sent to China to protect concessions at Shanghai.

1931 The League of Nations rebukes Poland for the mistreatment of a German minority in Upper Silesia.

1945 A German attempt to relieve the besieged city of Budapest is finally halted by the Soviets.

1946 The UN establishes the International Atomic Energy Commission.

1951 Indian leader Nehru demands that the UN name Peking as an aggressor in Korea.

1965 Winston Churchill dies from a cerebral thrombosis at the age of 90.

1980 In a rebuff to the Soviets, the U.S. announces intentions to sell arms to China.

1982 A draft of Air Force history reports that the U.S. secretly sprayed herbicides on Laos during the Vietnam War.
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January 25

1533 Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn.

1787 Small farmers in Springfield, Massachusetts led by Daniel Shays, revolt against tax laws. Federal troops break up the protesters of what becomes known as Shay's Rebellion.

1846 The dreaded Corn Laws, which taxed imported oats, wheat and barley, are repealed by the British Parliament.

1904 Two-hundred coal miners are trapped in their Pennsylvania mine after an explosion.

1915 Alexander Graham Bell in New York and Thomas Watson in San Francisco make a record telephone transmission.

1918 Austria and Germany reject U.S. peace proposals.

1919 The League of Nations plan is adopted by the Allies.

1929 Members of the New York Stock Exchange ask for an additional 275 seats.

1930 New York police rout a Communist rally at the Town Hall.

1943 The last German airfield in Stalingrad is captured by the Red Army.

1949 Axis Sally, who broadcasted Nazi propaganda to U.S. troops in Europe, stands trial in the United States for war crimes.

1951 The U.S. Eighth Army in Korea launches Operation Thunderbolt, a counter attack to push the Chinese Army north of the Han River.

1955 Columbia University scientists develop an atomic clock that is accurate to within one second in 300 years.

1956 Khrushchev says that he believes that Eisenhower is sincere in his efforts to abolish war.

1959 American Airlines begins its first coast-to-coast flight service on a Boeing 707.

1972 Shirley Chisholm, the first African American woman elected to U.S. Congress, announces candidacy for president.

1972 Nixon airs the eight-point peace plan for Vietnam, asking for POW release in return for withdrawal.

1984 President Reagan endorses the development of the first U.S. permanently-manned space station.
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