Two heads are better than one, and three monkey brains can control an avatar better than any single monkey. For the first time, a team has networked the brains of multiple animals to form a living computer that can perform tasks and solve problems.
If human brains could be similarly connected, it might give us superhuman problem-solving abilities, and allow us to communicate abstract thoughts and experiences. "It is really exciting," says Iyad Rahwan at the Masdar Institute in Dubai, UAE, who was not involved in the work. "It will change the way humans cooperate."
The work, published today, is an advance on standard brain-machine interfaces – devices that have enabled people and animals to control machines and prosthetic limbsMovie Camera by thought alone. These tend to work by converting the brain's electrical activity into signals that a computer can interpret.
Miguel Nicolelis at Duke University Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina, and his colleagues wanted to extend the idea by incorporating multiple brains at once. The team connected the brains of three monkeys to a computer that controlled an animated screen image representing a robotic arm, placing electrodes into brain areas involved in movement.
By synchronising their thoughts, the monkeys were able to move the arm to reach a target – at which point the team rewarded them with with juice.
Then the team made things trickier: each monkey could only control the arm in one dimension, for example. But the monkeys still managed to make the arm reach the target by working together. "They synchronise their brains and they achieve the task by creating a superbrain – a structure that is the combination of three brains," says Nicolelis. He calls the structure a "brainet".
These monkeys were connected only to a computer, not one another, but in a second set of experiments, the team connected the brains of four rats to a computer and to each other. Each rat had two sets of electrodes implanted in regions of the brain involved in movement control – one to stimulate the brain and another to record its activity.
The team sent electrical pulses to all four rats and rewarded them when they synchronised their brain activity. After 10 training sessions, the rats were able to do this 61 per cent of the time. This synchronous brain activity can be put to work as a computer to perform tasks like information storage and pattern recognition, says Nicolelis. "We send a message to the brains, the brains incorporate that message, and we can retrieve the message later," he says.
This is the way parallel processing works in computing, says Rahwan. "In order to synchronise, the brains are responding to each other," he says. "So you end up with an input, some kind of computation, and an output – what a computer does." Dividing the computing of a task between multiple brains is similar to sharing computations between multiple processors in modern computers, he says.
This is incredible," says Andrea Stocco at the University of Washington in Seattle, who was not involved in the project. "We are sampling different neurons from different animals and putting them together to create a superorganism."
Things could get even more interesting once we are able to connect human brains. This will probably only be possible when better non-invasive methods for monitoringMovie Camera and stimulating the brain have been developed.
"Once brains are connected, applications become just a matter of what different animals can do," says Stocco. All anyone can probably ask of a monkey is to control movement, but we can expect much more from human minds, he says.
A device that allows information transfer between brains could, in theory, allow us to do away with language – which plays the role of a "cumbersome and difficult-to-manage symbolic code", Stocco says.
"I could send thoughts from my brain to your brain in a way not represented by sounds or words," says Andrew Jackson at Newcastle University, UK. "You could envisage a world where if I wanted to say 'let's go to the pub', I could send that thought to your brain," he says. "Although I don't know if anyone would want that. I would rather link my brain to Wikipedia."
The ability to share abstract thoughts could enable us to solve more complex problems. "Sometimes it's really hard to collaborate if you are a mathematician and you're thinking about very complex and abstract objects," says Stocco. "If you could collaboratively solve common problems [using a brainet], it would be a way to leverage the skills of different individuals for a common goal."
This might be a way to perform future surgery, says Stocco. At present, when a team of surgeons is at work, only one will tend to have control of the scalpel at any moment. Imagine if each member of the team could focus on a particular aspect of the operation and coordinate their brain power to collectively control the procedure. "We are really far away from that scenario, but Nicolelis's work opens up all those possibilities for the first time, which is exciting," he says.
But there is a chance that such scenarios won't improve on current performance, Stocco says. Jason Ritt of Boston University agrees. "In principle we could communicate information much faster [with a brainet] than with vision and language, but there's a really high bar," he says. "Our ability to communicate with technology is still nowhere near our ability to communicate with speech."
The ability to share our thoughtsMovie Camera and brain power could also leave us vulnerable to new invasions of privacy, warns Rahwan. "Once you create a complex entity [like a brainet], you have to ensure that individual autonomy is protected," he says. It might be possible, for example, for one brain to manipulate others in a network.
There's also a chance that private thoughts might slip through along with ones to be shared, such as your intentions after drinking with someone you invited to the pub, says Nicholas Hatsopoulos at the University of Chicago in Illinois. "It might be a little scary," he says. "There are lots of thoughts that we have that we wouldn't want to share with others."
In the meantime, Nicolelis, who also develops exoskeletons that help people with spinal cord injuries regain movement, hopes to develop the technology trialled in monkeys for paraplegic people. He hopes that a more experienced user of a prosthetic limbMovie Camera or wheelchair, for example, might be able to collaborate with a less experienced user to directly train them to control it for themselves.
<---I'm the one on the right, just in case you can't tell!